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Squier
Penetration pathways of different compounds through epidermis and oral epithelia.Squier CA, Lesch CA. J Oral Pathol. 1988 Nov;17(9-10):512-6. [abstract only]
"The permeability of skin and oral mucosa to various compounds has been measured but the actual pathways substances take in traversing the epithelia have not been identified. In this study, radiolabelled cholesterol, ethanol or water were placed on the surface of porcine skin, keratinized gingiva, or nonkeratinized floor of mouth mucosa, and incubated at 37 degrees C for 2 h. The tissue was then snap-frozen, and sectioned in a cryostat, picked up on precoated slides and exposed at -20 degrees C for 40 days for light microscopic autoradiography. Some tissues were freeze-dried and directly embedded in low viscosity resin and prepared for electron microscopic autoradiography. Examination of autoradiographs revealed silver grains over, or adjacent to, intercellular spaces. Counts of the grains over the extra- and intracellular compartments were made in random light and electron microscope fields. For all compounds and tissue regions, there were significantly more (p less than 0.05) grains over the intercellular spaces than over the cells. The results indicate that the intercellular compartment is the predominant route for compounds moving across the superficial barrier layer of epidermis and oral epithelia. The nature of the intercellular material is, thus, a primary determinant of epithelial permeability."
Zinc iodide-osmium staining of membrane-coating granules in keratinized and non-keratinized mammalian oral epithelium.Squier CA. Arch Oral Biol. 1982;27(5):377-82. [abstract only]
"Specimens of keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelium were examined in the electron microscope after being stained with zinc iodide-osmium. In both types of tissue, reaction was seen in unmyelinated nerves, in the specific granules of epithelial Langerhans cells and within lysosome-like organelles and small vesicles associated with Golgi systems. In keratinized epithelia, the reaction was also present in the membrane-coating granules and between the deepest cells of the keratinized layer. In contrast, the membrane-coating granules of non-keratinized epithelia lacked Zn iodide-osmium staining despite the presence of reaction in adjacent Golgi systems. It is suggested that Zn iodide-osmium stains glycolipid or glycoprotein material in the cell. This material is elaborated in the Golgi systems from which lysosomes and the membrane-coating granules of keratinized tissues are probably derived."
Staining of oral epithelium with the zinc iodide-osmium reaction.Ashrafi SH, Squier CA, Meyer J. Histochem J. 1981 Jan;13(1):45-55. [abstract only]
"Some of the parameters affecting the staining of keratinized oral epithelium with the zinc iodide-osmium reaction were examined using light and electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. Factors examined were block size, incubation temperature and the effect of aldehyde prefixation. Large blocks (4 mm cube) were subdivided after incubation and the staining of the centre and edge compared. Generally the reaction was more variable at the edge than in the centre. Small block (1 mm cube) showed a more intense reaction when incubated at 24 degrees C than at 4 degrees C. In all these preparations, final reaction product was seen over Golgi systems, lysosome-like bodies, membrane-coating granules and, in the more intensely stained regions, over endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membranes as well. In prefixed material, mitochondria were frequently stained in addition to the other organelles. Energy dispersive analysis showed the reaction product to be similar in all preparations and to contain high levels of zinc and osmium but not iodine."
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