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Higdon
IodineHigdon J Linus Pauling Institute
"Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and is therefore, essential for normal thyroid function. To meet the body's demand for thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland traps iodine from the blood and converts it into thyroid hormones that are stored and released into the circulation when needed. In target tissues, such as the liver and the brain, T3, the physiologically active thyroid hormone, can bind to thyroid receptors in the nuclei of cells and regulate gene expression. T4, the most abundant circulating thyroid hormone, can be converted to T3 by enzymes known as deiodinases in target tissues. In this manner, thyroid hormones regulate a number of physiologic processes, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive function."
"Iodine deficiency is now accepted as the most common cause of preventable brain damage in the world...."
"Thyroid enlargement, or goiter, is one of the earliest and most visible signs of iodine deficiency...."
"The effects of iodine deficiency by developmental stage..."
"Nutrient Interactions..."
"Goitrogens..."
"Radiation-induced thyroid cancer. Radioactive iodine, especially 131-I may be released into the environment as a result of nuclear reactor accidents. Thyroid accumulation of radioactive iodine increases the risk of developing thyroid cancer, especially in children. The increased iodine trapping activity of the thyroid gland in iodine deficiency results in increased thyroid accumulation of radioactive iodine (131-I). Thus, iodine deficient individuals are at increased risk of developing radiation-induced thyroid cancer because they will accumulate greater amounts of radioactive iodine. Potassium iodide administered in pharmacologic doses (50-100 mg for adults) within 48 hours before or 8 hours after radiation exposure from a nuclear reactor accident can significantly reduce thyroid uptake of 131-I and decrease the risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer."
"Fibrocystic breast condition: Fibrocystic breast condition is a benign (non-cancerous) condition of the breasts, characterized by lumpiness and discomfort in one or both breasts. In estrogen treated rats, iodine deficiency leads to changes similar to those seen in fibrocystic breast condition, while iodine repletion was found to reverse those changes. An uncontrolled study of 233 women with fibrocystic breast condition found that treatment with aqueous molecular iodine (I2) at a dose of 0.08 mg of I2/kg of body weight daily over 6 to 18 months was associated with improvement in pain and other symptoms in over 70% of those treated. About 10% of the study participants reported side effects that were described by the investigators as minor. A double blind, placebo-controlled trial of aqueous molecular iodine (0.07-0.09 mg of I2/kg of body weight daily for 6 months) in 56 women with fibrocystic breast condition found that 65% of the women taking molecular iodine reported improvement compared to 33% of those taking the placebo. Although the investigators recommended larger controlled clinical trials to determine the therapeutic value of molecular iodine in fibrocystic breast condition, no further results have been published in the scientific or medical literature. The doses of iodine used in these studies (about 5 mg for a 60 kg person) were several times higher than the tolerable upper level of intake (UL) recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine and should only be used under medical supervision "
"Safety...."
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